Quarter the tempeh and crumble it into small pieces in a medium soup pot. Add 4 cups of vegetable broth and 1 tablespoon of soy sauce. Bring the ingredients to a simmer, cover the pot, and simmer the tempeh for 20 minutes.
While the tempeh cooks, heat a large pot or Dutch oven over medium heat. Add the onions and sauté them for 2-3 minutes. Stir the onions often to prevent them from sticking.
Stir in the garlic, tarragon, and caraway seeds and mix them with the onions, no longer than 30 seconds.
Pour ½ a cup of red wine or broth to deglaze the pot. Stir the bottom of the pot to pick up any ingredients stuck to the bottom. Let the wine simmer for a minute or two until it cooks down.
Add the tomato sauce and 4 cups of broth. Stir the ingredients, being careful to clear the bottom of the pot.
Mix in the carrots, potatoes, and lentils. Bring the ingredients to boiling and immediately turn down the heat to simmer. Cover the pot and cock the lid to allow an air vent. Stir the ingredients a few times. Cook until the lentils and potatoes are tender. About 25 minutes.
At this point, the tempeh should be done. Drain it in a colander, and then use the back of a spoon to press it against the sides to help release the excess moisture. Set it aside until the lentils are done.
Stir in the fava beans, kidney beans, and tempeh. Simmer for 10 minutes until the beans and tempeh are heated through.
Give the stew a taste. Add salt and black pepper as desired.